The beginning of the ancient stone industries did not depend on a specific technology for flint industries, but rather relied on the ability and knowledge of the manufacturer and the availability of raw materials. While Middle Paleolithic industries relied on the same technology to produce flint tools. With the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period, modern man grew up and was able to control large geographical areas that were not previously inhabited, and he made stone and bone tools of various sizes, especially the production of small blades, which enabled him to invent and use the crossbow.
Archaeological excavations over the past century have searched for Early Bronze Age civilization in dozens of human settlements in Jerusalem, Tell Al-Far'a, Jericho, Tell Al-Jazar, Tell Al-Sheikh Ahmed Al-Arayni, Tell Al-Jazar, Tell Al-Tall, and Tell Al-Nasba. The first cities of the Early Bronze Age were not fortified and construction in them was generally simple. In the second phase of the Early Bronze Age, walled cities appeared, including public buildings, palaces, and temples, in Khirbet al-Karak, Tell al-Fara’a, Tell al-Tall, and Tell al-Mustaslim.
The victory achieved by Alexander the Great over the Persian king Darius III (336-330 BC) in the Battle of Ipsus in 333 BC is considered. He did not go east to pursue the Persians, but rather headed south to control the supply routes from Egypt and the Levant, and the idea of globalization was formed in him, so A new phase began as a result of the mixing of Hellenistic culture with the cultures of the Eastern countries. It was called the Hellenistic period among historians. Palestine witnessed military events. After the quick death of Alexander the Great, who had no children, his leaders disputed over the inheritance of the empire.
and Umayyad periods
The Mamluk states arose in Egypt and the Levant in extremely complex political and military circumstances. There were remnants of the Frankish occupation of cities on the Palestinian coast, and there was also the danger of the Mongol army, whose vanguards reached Gaza, on the way to Cairo. During their two periods of rule, the Turkish and Circassian (648 AH/1250 AD - 923 AH/1517 AD), the Mamluks established a tight hierarchical administrative system, at the head of which was the Sultan, supported by an elite of senior princes, merchants, and judges. They developed bureaus, minted currency, and established a regional postal system. Through several stations, on the land road, “The Royal Path,” between Cairo and Damascus, they implemented various construction projects, some of which were for infrastructure to develop the agricultural sector, such as aqueducts and underground wells, and others to serve the spiritual side. They created and restored many Religious buildings, as in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Hebron, and Gaza, as well as shrines, as in Emmaus, Ashdod, and Jericho.
The various parts of Palestine and the entire Levant fell under the control of multiple families and entities during the period of the Ottoman Empire, ranging from loyalty to hostility to the central state, such as Abu Ghosh, Zahir al-Omar, and Al-Ma’noun..
The Ottomans seize Palestine and other regions of the Levant. Their rule over Palestine continued almost uninterrupted until 1917.